外道

Outside doctrines; non-Buddhist; heresy, heretics; the Tīrthyas or Tīrthikas; there are many groups of these: that of the [lang id =1028]二天三仙 two (sa) devas and three sages, i. e. the Viṣṇuites, the Maheśvarites (or Śivaites), and the followers of Kapila, Ulūka, and Ṛṣabha. Another group of four is given as Kapila, Ulūka, Nirgrantha-putra (Jainas), and Jñātṛ (Jainas). A group of six, known as the[lang id =1028]外道六師 six heretical masters, is Pūraṇa-Kāśyapa, Maskari-Gośālīputra, Sañjaya-Vairāṭīputra, Ajita-Keśakambala, Kakuda-Kātyāyana, and Nirgrantha-Jñātṛputra; there are also two other groupings of six, one of them indicative of their various forms of asceticism and self-torture. There are also groups of 13, 1, 20, 30, 95, and 96 heretics, or forms of non-Buddhist doctrine, the 95 being divided into 11 classes, beginning with the Saṃkhyā philosophy and ending with that of no-cause, or existence as accidental.

* * *

指佛教以外的一切宗教。 古印度時代， 佛教指外道為神聖而應受尊敬之隱遁者， 意思為正說者、 苦行者；相對的佛教自稱內道， 佛教經典自稱內典， 稱佛教以外的經典為外典。 到了後世， 漸漸附加上異見、 邪說的意義， 外道遂成為侮蔑排斥的貶稱， 意為真理以外之邪法者。 外道種類至多， 如六師外道， 六苦行外道， 十六外道， 二十外道， 六十二見， 九十六種外道等等。

* * *

於佛教以外立道， 或道外之道， 稱為外道， 亦即真理以外的邪教。